The Australian Government recently submitted its updated greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets, pledging to reduce our national emissions by 62-70% below 2005 levels by 2035. To achieve this, the Federal Government has put in place a couple of legislative measures that require large entities to report and reduce their emissions. This will likely have flow-on effects, even for small agricultural producers.
Legislated drivers to reduce emissions:
The Safeguard Mechanism has been in force since 2016. It requires major greenhouse gas emitters to gradually reduce their emissions via their own reductions or by buying offsets, or Australian Carbon Credit Units, which may be generated through a carbon project on farmland.
On 1 January 2025, the mandatory climate-related financial disclosures policy came into effect in Australia. It requires large companies to prepare a Sustainability Report, disclosing how they address both exposure to and mitigation of climate change. From January 2026, this will include their so-called Scope 3 emissions, or in other words the emissions generated within their value chains, which could include primary producers.
Market access and voluntary target drivers:
In addition to legislated requirements, many Australian and international companies who buy agricultural products or finance agricultural enterprises have set themselves voluntary emissions reduction targets. So, as well as government, these businesses are also interested in producers’ efforts to reduce their emissions.
In addition, many export markets have access requirements based on their emissions targets. Most Australian agricultural exports are destined for countries with trade-enshrined net zero commitments.
Agricultural production is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions and - as we all appreciate – is itself vulnerable to climate change. So, agricultural producers are increasingly going to be asked about the emissions intensity of their produce. Fortunately, reducing emissions intensity usually also improves productivity and efficiency.
An Australian Carbon Credit Unit (ACCU) represents one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO₂-e) avoided or removed from the atmosphere. It is issued under the Emissions Reduction Fund (ERF), which is administered by the Clean Energy Regulator.
In Australia, you can use a carbon credit (Australian Carbon Credit Unit - ACCU) in several ways, depending on whether you are a business, investor, or landholder.
This will be dependant on the methodology of your project.
No
being under freehold will be easier, however carbon projects are still achieveable under leasehold land.
Entities or individuals with a financial or managerial interest in the property may include, but are not limited to, financial institutions (e.g., banks), holders of native title claims, and relevant government authorities such as the Crown Land Minister.
No, you are not required to include your entire property in the project. You may select specific eligible areas of your property to participate as per your preference.
Soil tests that identify carbon may not necessarily be suitable for establishing your baseline, as they measure a different type of carbon than what is required for emissions accounting or carbon projects. It is important to ensure that the methodology aligns with the specific requirements of the program or framework you are working within.
The cost of establishing a soil carbon project varies depending on the size of the project and the number of soil samples required. Larger projects and those requiring more extensive sampling will typically incur higher costs. It is recommended to consult with a specialist to determine the specific costs based on your property and project requirements.
The cost of establishing a vegetation carbon project varies depending on the chosen Carbon Service Provider (CSP), the division of responsibilities for project implementation, and the party assuming the associated risks.
As of March 26, 2025, the spot price for Australian Carbon Credit Units (ACCUs) was A$32.50
No, you are not required to completely destock under a tree carbon project. However, you must reduce your stocking rate to align with project requirements. You may choose to fully destock, but this is not mandatory.
Soil carbon at 30cm is typically more abundant, labile, and influenced by biological activity, supporting plant growth and nutrient cycling. At 1m depth, carbon is less abundant, more stable, and stored in a less accessible form, contributing to long-term carbon sequestration and soil health. Both depths play a role in soil fertility and climate change mitigation, but the deeper carbon is more resilient and less impacted by surface disturbances.
Scope 3 emissions are indirect greenhouse gas emissions from a company’s entire value chain, both upstream (e.g., supply chain, employee travel) and downstream (e.g., product use, disposal). These emissions, though not directly controlled by the company, often make up the largest portion of its carbon footprint.
For farms, Scope 3 emissions include the production and transportation of inputs such as feed, fertilizers, and machinery, as well as the transportation, processing, and disposal of farm products. These emissions extend beyond farm operations, impacting the broader agricultural supply chain.
Scope 2 emissions are indirect greenhouse gas emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heating, and cooling used on the farm (e.g., for irrigation, cooling systems, lighting).
Scope 1 emissions are direct greenhouse gas emissions from sources owned or controlled by a company. In farming, these include:
These emissions are produced directly on the farm and are the most controllable within farm operations.